ABSTRACT
Background: MessengerRNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccination has been associated with a higher-than-expected occurrence of acute myocarditis. Scarce information is available on mid-term prognosis and changes in cardiac function, volumes, and tissue characterization on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Method(s): Retrospective, multicenter study including patients with a definite diagnosis of acute myocarditis within 30 days from mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, with a confirmed myocarditis diagnosis based on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) or autopsy or by the coexistence of positive biomarkers (troponin >99th upper reference limit or elevated creatine kinase myocardial band [CK-MB]) and cardiac MRI findings consistent with AM according to the 2018 updated Lake Louise Criteria. Result(s): 77 patients (median age 25 years [IQR 20-35], 15% female) were included and followed-up for 147 days [IQR 74-215]. Follow-up CMR was available in n=49 patients and showed no changes in biventricular ejection fraction (EF) as compared to CMR at diagnosis (left ventricular EF: 59%[55-65]vs. 60%[57-64], p=0.507, right ventricular EF: 56%[52-62]vs. 57%[52-61], p=0.563, respectively). Late gadolinium enhancement was present in all patients at diagnosis and persisted in only n=39 (79.6%) at follow-up (p=0.001), generally sparing the anterior wall and the septum. N=10 (20.4%) had a persistent edema based on T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences, with predominant involvement of inferior or inferiorlateral walls. The proportion of patients with increased T1 and T2 mapping signals significantly decreased at follow-up (n=13 (68%) vs. n=4 (13%),p<0.001, and n=21 (84%) vs. n=3 (10%),p<0.001, respectively), as well as the presence of pericardial effusion (n=16 (33%) vs. n=3 (6%),p=0.004). No differences in morpho-functional CMR parameters based on the type of vaccine administered were found (BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech, n=36, 73.5%, m-RNA-1273 Moderna, n=13, 26.5%). Among patients with available follow-up (N=75, 97.4%), no major adverse cardiovascular events nor myocarditis recurrence or death were reported. Conclusion(s): At mid-term follow-up, patients who experienced an acute myocarditis after a mRNA COVID-19 vaccine had preserved biventricular EF. The rate and localization of residual scar or edema on CMR is in line with classic viral myocarditis with a good prognosis. This new piece of information should further reassure patients who experience acute myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute myocarditis (AM) is thought to be a rare cardiovascular complication of COVID-19, although minimal data are available beyond case reports. We aim to report the prevalence, baseline characteristics, in-hospital management, and outcomes for patients with COVID-19-associated AM on the basis of a retrospective cohort from 23 hospitals in the United States and Europe. Method(s): A total of 112 patients with suspected AM from 56963 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were evaluated between February 1, 2020, and April 30, 2021. Inclusion criteria were hospitalization for COVID-19 and a diagnosis of AM on the basis of endomyocardial biopsy or increased troponin level plus typical signs of AM on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. We identified 97 patients with possible AM, and among them, 54 patients with definite/probable AM supported by endomyocardial biopsy in 17 (31.5%) patients or magnetic resonance imaging in 50 (92.6%). We analyzed patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes among all COVID-19-associated AM. Result(s): AM prevalence among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was 2.4 per 1000 hospitalizations considering definite/probable and 4.1 per 1000 considering also possible AM. The median age of definite/probable cases was 38 years, and 38.9% were female. On admission, chest pain and dyspnea were the most frequent symptoms (55.5% and 53.7%, respectively). Thirty-one cases (57.4%) occurred in the absence of COVID-19-associated pneumonia. Twenty- one (38.9%) had a fulminant presentation requiring inotropic support or temporary mechanical circulatory support. The composite of in-hospital mortality or temporary mechanical circulatory support occurred in 20.4%. At 120 days, estimated mortality was 6.6%, 15.1% in patients with associated pneumonia versus 0% in patients without pneumonia (P=0.044). During hospitalization, left ventricular ejection fraction, assessed by echocardiography, improved from a median of 40% on admission to 55% at discharge (n=47;P<0.0001) similarly in patients with or without pneumonia. Corticosteroids were frequently administered (55.5%). Conclusion(s): AM occurrence is estimated between 2.4 and 4.1 out of 1000 patients hospitalized for COVID-19. The majority of AM occurs in the absence of pneumonia and is often complicated by hemodynamic instability. AM is a rare complication in patients hospitalized for COVID-19, with an outcome that differs on the basis of the presence of concomitant pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hospitalised COVID-19 pneumonia patients are characterised by the occurrence of a hypercoagulable state associated to a high risk of thromboembolic events. The main laboratory findings of this coagulopathy include D-dimer increase, mild thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT, and increase endothelial activation biomarkers (vWF, thrombomodulin). No data are available about coagulation profile in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) combined with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose: In this prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the contribute of concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection to the haemostatic system derangement (i.e., from endothelial cell activation to fibrinolytic phase) observed in patients presenting with ACS. Further, the role of haemostatic biomarkers (HB) for in-hospital mortality risk prediction was also explored. Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to our hospital for ACS at peak intensity of local pandemia were enrolled into this study. At admission, all patients underwent routine blood examinations with blood count, serum biochemical tests and an extensive coagulation profiling. Data from coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), when performed, were collected. In-hospital major adverse cardio and cerebrovascular events -MACCEs- (total and cardiovascular death, stroke, systemic or pulmonary embolism, re-MI and bleedings) are reported. Results: A total of 99 (76M/23F) consecutive patients with a median age of 66.7 (±12.1) were enrolled. According to nasal swab, 24 patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive and 75 negative. The two groups, similar in age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors, significantly differed in presenting symptoms (p<.001) and radiological signs of pneumonia (p<.0001). At admission, there were no differences in routine laboratory values between groups. Differently, analysis of the HB showed significantly higher values of D-dimer, vWF antigen, vWF activity and vWF;RiCof, t-PA and PAI-1 and lower levels of ADAMTS-13 in the positive group. Furthermore, among ACS patients, both STEMI and NSTEMI subjects, positive for SARS-CoV-2, had significantly higher plasma values of all the HB compared to the respective negative counterparts, with SARS-CoV-2 positive STEMI subjects displaying the highest values. When performed, PCI finished more frequently with a final TIMI flow <3 (p=.004) in positive patients. The in-hospital rate of MACCEs was 24% (24/99 patients) with a higher (p<.0001) prevalence in SARS-Co-V2 positive group. Cardiovascular mortality accounted for the majority of deaths (8/10;p=.019). At multivariable analysis, we identified dyspnoea at presentation, vWF antigen and leukocyte values as independent risk factors for in-hospital death. Conclusions: In patients presenting with ACS combined with SARS-Cov- 2 infection an additional HB asset derangement with stronger endothelial cell activation occurs which negatively impact the outcome, regardless of the invasive treatment.
ABSTRACT
Background : Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a coagulopathy favouring thrombosis over bleeding that imparts a poor prognosis. Mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis is a life-threatening complication necessitating immediate intervention. The presenting signs and symptoms of this illness are somewhat variable, and often complicated to recognize, especially in patients with COVID-19. Aims : We present a case of a 63-year-old woman with a clinical presentation of heart failure symptoms due to mechanical mitral valve thrombosis overlapping with mild COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods : Clinical case presentation. Results : The patient presented to the emergency unit with marked dyspnea, asthenia, oliguria, hypotension, oxygen desaturation (83%), and right ventricular dysfunction. The primary diagnosis was made based on chest X-ray -bilateral pulmonary infiltration and tests suggestive of SARS-COV2 viral infection, including increased values of d-dimer-5.43. After receiving the negative result of the PCR test at COVID-19, the patient was transferred to the cardiology department with suspicion of PE. EchoCG examinations establishedmitral mechanical valve dysfunction with a gradient of 56 mm Hg. Given the patient's critical condition we used alteplase and UFH, obtaining symptomatic relief and hemodynamic stability. We identified an extremely elevated D-dimer (>10 mcg/mL), and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) revealed an unexpected low thrombus burden. Research into the cause of thrombosis found low INR values (1.37) despite regular use of unchanged dose of warfarin, and immunological tests found anti-SARS-VOC 2 antibodies. Conclusions : This case raises awareness to the catastrophic thrombosis of mechanical valve, presenting in an late phase of COVID-19 infection without the typical hyper-inflammation and severe lung injury associated with development of COVID-related coagulopathy. It also serves to inform on the critical role echocardiography has in the comprehensive evaluation and re-evaluation of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and the importance of a multidisciplinary organized approach in clinical decision-making for this complex and poorly understood disease and its sequelae.
ABSTRACT
Background : Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a devastating clinical problem with the high mortality rate, including mortality due to recurrent PE. Aims : The objective of this study was to determine predictors for short-and middle-term prognosis of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and the clinico-instrumental predictors of poor outcome. Methods : This was a single-center prospective study of inpatients admitted in Institut of Cardiology of RM, with first-time PE (during 2020). Clinical data were collected from patients with objectively confirmed PE, and a 1-year follow up was conducted. Results : Eighty-four patients with PE, on age 59.3 + 12.5 years (62,9% men), were selected in the study. Pulmonary embolism was confirmed by CT angiography in all the patients, while DVT was confirmed by ultrasound in 34 patients. Study population was followed up for 9.7 months. Multivariate regression analysis was done where right ventricular (RV) diameter (mean 3.74 cm), mean PASP (66 ± 23 mm Hg), RV hypokinesis, presence of RV thrombi, decreased ratio TAPSE/PAS P < 0,4 (0.038, 95% CI, 0.025-0,055, P < 0,0001) measured by echoCG, D-dimer level at baseline 3615.5 ± 420.3 ng/mL and number of comorbidities (3.4 ± 0.7) entered the model. D-dimer level was revealed as a predictor for the length of hospitalization (β = 10,97, P = 0.05) and active cancer (OR = 6.142, 95% CI 1.233-30.587) and COVID history (OR-4,1, 95% CI, 4,3-80) were associated with a poor prognosis for acute PE in the short term. Cox regression analysis showed that elevated PASP( ≥55 mmHg) (HR = 6.240, 95% CI, 2.307-37.013) and active cancer with PE (HR = 3.700, 95% CI, 1.010-13.562) were associated with an increased risk of mid-term mortality after a follow-up period of 1 years. Conclusions : Our results show that the baseline measurement of these parameters independently influence both the short-term and middle-term prognosis of patients with nonfatal PE.